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”Environment Canada reported that the metallic contaminants that had been dumped in the tailings pond included these hazardous metals:Lead, Arsenic, Nickel, Zinc, Cadmium, Vanadium, Antimony, Manganese and Mercury.”
“ALL tailings "ponds" are problems. If they don't breach and spill massive amounts of toxic sludge into the environment like at Mount Polley, they leach that contamination slowly, poisoning the waters and lands around them.” -- From: http://canadians.org/blog/update-mount-polley-mine-disaster-imperial-metals-and-government-focus-covering-instead;
“If the (Mount Polley copper) mine closes down, maybe people will get depressed and start drinking or doing drugs, so maybe we can convert (the mine) into a rehab.” – small business owner from the Likely, British Columbia
Before reading the following timeline of the aftermath of the Mount Polley copper mine disaster, please go to the following three sites where there are photos of the consequences of the last three “known” breaches of tailings lagoon earthen dams (each of which were much shorter than the one planned for PolyMet’s tailings pond at the headwaters of the St Louis River.
The Mount Polley disaster happened when a section of the earthen dam dissolved which allowed massive amounts of toxic sludge to flow downstream. Some of the poisonous sludge into nearby Polley Lake, but most of it entered tiny Hazeltine Creek (a spawning area for Coho salmon and trout) which then emptied into the once pristine Quesnel Lake immediately downstream.
< >To view more of the photos of the 2014 Mount Polley tailings pond disaster, go to:https://www.google.com/search?q=mount+polley+mine+layoffs&sa=N&rlz=1C2CHZL_enUS756US756&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&ved=0ahUKEwiywc6Pop_ZAhUKS2MKHV-rAcg4FBDsCQhK&biw=1163&bih=492
< >To view some of the photos of the 2015 Brazilian tailings pond disaster, go to: https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C2CHZL_enUS756US756&q=brazil+mining+disaster+images+2015&tbm=isch&source=univ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0i8bi7-ThAhUEFzQIHcmoBEIQ7Al6BAgJEA0&biw=1242&bih=597To view some of the photos of the equally disastrous 2019 Brazilian tailings pond disaster, go to: https://www.google.com/search?q=brazil+mine+disaster+2019&rlz=1C2CHZL_enUS756US756&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj5wrea7-ThAhW2IDQIHYRqAB0Q_AUIDygC&biw=1242&bih=597https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/aug/13/mount-polley-mine-spill-british-columbia-canada - I recommend reading the 70 posted reader comments)
Then join the resistance.
Here is a paragraph from the final draft of the report from the experts who assessed the Mount Polley disaster. Note the sterile language that tends to distract the reader from fully appreciating the enormity of the disaster.
“Early in the morning on August 4, 2014, a breach occurred at the Perimeter Embankment of the Tailings Storage Facility (TSF) due to the failure of an underlying glacial lacustrine layer that was not appropriately characterized or accounted for in engineering designs (Morgenstern et al. 2015). The TSF embankment breach released an estimated 10.6 million cubic metres (Mm3 ) of supernatant, 13.8 Mm3 of tailings slurry (7.3 Mm3 of tailings solids and 6.5 Mm3 of interstitial water), and 0.6 Mm3 of embankment construction materials to the receiving environment. This material flowed into the adjacent Polley Lake, and then down the ~9 km Hazeltine Creek channel to Quesnel Lake, causing ~236 hectares (ha) of varying degrees of erosion and deposition in the creek valley, as well as deposition in Polley and Quesnel Lakes (Miller et al. 2015).”
A view from above the Imperial Metals Corp’s Mount Polley copper/gold mine tailings pond (lower half of photo) looking towards the now thoroughly-contaminated Quesnel Lake (top). The earthen dam (middle) is 130 feet tall (the breach is at far left). The tiny dot adjacent to the breach is a huge mine vehicle. The area between the dam and the lake was totally forested prior to the breach. The force of the spill widened tiny Hazeltine creek from about 1.5 meters wide to over 100 meters wide. Photograph: Reuters
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View of the tailings dam breach (upper right) from Quesnel Lake after the copper and gold mine at Mount Polley burst and released 4.5 cubic meters of toxic sludge into Hazeltine Creek. Photograph: Reuters
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42 Workers Laid Off from the Mount Polley Mine Following Tailings Pond Breach
Global News Canada - August 14, 2014
“B.C.’s privacy commissioner will investigate whether the provincial government failed in its duty to warn the public about conditions at the Mount Polley tailings pond. Meantime, dozens of workers at the mine received layoff notices.”
Vancouver – “No money is currently being generated at the Mount Polley mine near Likely, B.C.
“This is a cleanup operation now with the impact of last week’s spill clearly being felt with 42 workers being laid off on Thursday.
“’At first everyone’s in shock, ‘said Paul French, United Steelworkers Local 1425 president. Then comes the fear of them losing their jobs. Now we’re in the reality stage of ‘OK now what do I do?'
“With the cleanup effort continuing, more than 300 employees still don’t know their future.
“Many make over $100,000 a year mining, with another 1,000 other suppliers who rely on the mine. The permanent closure of Mount Polley would be devastating for Likely.
“’We’re all hoping for the best that we can get the mine back up and running,’ said French. ‘Get the cleanup done and keep our guys working.’
“Beyond layoffs, the problems for Imperial Metals are just beginning.
“The cleanup costs are expected to be astronomical with one analyst at BMO Nesbitt Burns estimating it will cost 200-million dollars, and that’s before legal damages, which could double the amount.
“The company says it has 15 million dollars in business interruption insurance coverage.
“Even though the government insists the province has a Polluter Pays Principle, there’s no guarantee Imperial Metals can come up with the cash.
“Imperial Metals officials say getting Mount Polley up and running to generate cash flow may be the way to pay for the cleanup.
“Without it, analysts say the company may have to sell assets to absorb the financial impact.
“The repercussions of this spill are environmental, economic, and political.”
©2014 Shaw Media
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View near the mouth of Hazeltine Creek as it empties into Quesnel Lake
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Imperial Metals Pegs Mount Polley Cleanup Cost at $67 million
Gordon Hoekstra, Vancouver – November 15, 2014
“Spring run-off will bring more tailings debris into Quesnel Lake”
The mouth of Hazeltine Creek days after the deluge from the breached Mount Polley tailings lagoon on August 4, 2014. The brown floating debris represents millions of large pine trees that were ripped from their roots as the 24 million square meters of sludge roared down the creek to the lake. Note the discolored and highly polluted water from the copper/gold sulfide mine waste that contains carcinogenic and neurotoxic metals and other toxins. Toxic algal growth has been observed in the years since the dam breach, which was previously unheard of in the deep, cold water of Quesnel Lake. The poisonous sludge at the bottom can be expected to periodically re-toxify the water every time the annual thermocline turn-over phenomenon kicks in (ie, when colder water at the top of a deep lake sinks below the water below when that deeper water is relatively warmer; thus, in the case of a lake such as Quesnel, the contaminated warmer water at the bottom can be expected to re-mix yearly with the water nearer the top).
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Mount Polley Expert Panel Calls for Public Submissions into Dam Collapse
By Jonathan Hayward - The Canadian Press – August 2014
Satellite view of the scene of the crime. Normally Hazeltine Creek is not visible from space.-USGS/NASA
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Mount Polley Mine Lays Off 36 Workers
By Gordon Hoekstra - Vancouver Sun – November 2014
“Imperial Metals has estimated it will cost $67.4 million for cleanup and rehabilitation of the Mount Polley gold and copper mine tailings dam spill.
“The collapse of the tailings dam on Aug. 4 released millions of cubic metres of water and tailings containing potentially-toxic metals into the Quesnel Lake watershed, important habitat for Fraser River sockeye salmon.
“The company released the cost figure — the first detailed estimate — with its financial results for the three months ending in September, a loss of $49.2 million attributed largely to the loss of profits from Mount Polley.
“Imperial’s cleanup cost estimate is lower than those of some industry analysts.
“Raymond James analyst Adam Low has estimated a cleanup cost of $100-million. And BMO analyst Aleksandra Bukacheva noted the total scope of remediation costs is undetermined “even as the company reviews options for the resumption of operations.” (Those options include repairing the tailings facility and temporarily using one of the pits to store tailings).
“Bukacheva earlier pegged the cleanup cost to the company at $200 million.
“Imperial Metals had spent $20.3 million of the $67.4 million by the end of September, and expects to recover at least $25 million through insurance coverage.
“The remainder of the $67.4 million is expected to be spent during the next nine months although there will be some future costs for sampling to test the results of the rehabilitation, the company said.
“Imperial Metals CEO Bryan Kynoch said the stabilization and recovery phase of the tailings dam collapse is now complete, and the company has started work on rehabilitating the lower third of Hazeltine Creek.
“The rush of tailings and water scoured and widened the nine-kilometre creek, home to spawning trout and Coho salmon.
”Our focus is try to do this as quickly as possible and try to be ready for next spring’s run-off,’ Kynoch said Monday during a conference call to discuss the company’s financial results.
“There is concern among residents in the nearby community of Likely, First Nations and environmental groups that the spring run-off will bring more tailings debris into Quesnel Lake.
“Rehabilitation of the creek will include stabilizing banks and planting new vegetation, explained Kynoch.
“The company does not expect to have to remove tailings from the creek because most of it ended up in Quesnel Lake along with material from the creek, he said.
“In a written statement, B.C. environment officials said Monday information about the cleanup plan, which must be approved by the province, will be released shortly.
“Environment officials said Quesnel Lake will be part of the cleanup plan.”
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B.C.’S Mount Polley Mine Confirms Layoffs on the Table if it Can’t Reopen Soon
Rob Shaw, Vancouver Sun - Feb. 27, 2015
VICTORIA — “Workers at the Mount Polley mine could face layoffs starting April 1, the mine owners confirm.
“Imperials Metals, which operates the gold and copper mine near Williams Lake, said it will finish repairs to the breached section of its tailings dam around April 1 and, without a permit from government to partly restart the mine, won’t be able to retain all of its approximately 300 employees.
“’Once the reconstruction of the breach area is completed, we will be in a position of having to consider layoffs,’ company vice-president Steve Robertson wrote in an email. ‘However, if the short-term approval for operations is in place at that time, the crews could bridge directly over to operations work and continue on.’
“Mines Minister Bill Bennett has said the company’s timeline is unrealistic and the government is ‘not going to be squeezed into making a decision prematurely’ on allowing the mill to reopen.
“Bennett said Imperial Metals has not provided enough information on how it will manage tailings and water flow in the long term.
“The mine has been shut since Aug. 4, the day its earthen and rock dam failed and released dirty water into nearby rivers and lakes. Since then, the company has retained most of its workforce to help repair the environmental damage caused by the breach.
“Robertson said Imperial Metals will ‘make every reasonable effort to keep our crews employed, but there may be a point where there is no work available.’
“’This is a stressful time for our employees, their families and the surrounding communities, to see that their future is so uncertain. I can tell you that (Mount Polley) will work diligently to fulfil all of the requirements that are asked of us for permitting, but to a certain degree the timing on these matters is out of our control.’
“A panel of expert engineers has said a design flaw in the dam was the main cause of the collapse.”
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Union Says 120 Layoffs at B.C.'s Mount Polley Mine Leaves 'Skeleton Crew'
The Canadian Press, May 6, 2015
A view of the highly toxic sludge remaining behind at the Mt Polley copper mine. (The tailings lagoon still contains 80 % of the original toxic sludge from the nearby mine.
LIKELY, B.C. - “The union representing workers at a British Columbia mine hit by a tailings pond breach says continued layoffs have left a skeleton crew as the facility prepares for a potential restart.
“Another 120 layoff notices have been handed out to employees handling cleanup, repairs and remediation at the Mount Polley mine operated by Imperial Metals Corp. (TSE-Ill).
“The tailings dam at the gold and copper mine in central B.C. collapsed last summer, spilling millions of cubic metres of waste into area waterways.
“Fifty people were laid off in February, and another 36 lost their jobs last November.
“United Steelworkers Local 1-425 president Paul French says there is simply no work, but he expects operations to restart by mid-July if Imperial Metals is granted a permit to reopen.
“Company spokesman Steve Robertson said last week that more than half of Mount Polley's 370 employees would be back at work if operations resume.”
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More Mount Polley Layoffs
By Gene Law - May 6, 2015
“The union representing workers at a British Columbia mine hit by a tailings pond breach says continued layoffs have left a skeleton crew as the facility prepares for a potential restart.
“Another 120 layoff notices have been handed out to employees handling cleanup, repairs and remediation at the Mount Polley mine operated by Imperial Metals.
“The tailings dam at the gold and copper mine in central B.C. collapsed last summer, spilling millions of cubic metres of waste into area waterways.
“Fifty people were laid off in February, and another 36 lost their jobs last November.
“United Steelworkers Local 1-425 president Paul French says there is simply no work, but he expects operations to restart by mid-July if Imperial Metals is granted a permit to reopen.
“Company spokesman Steve Robertson said last week that more than half of Mount Polley’s 370 employees would be back at work if operations resume”
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Mount Polley Mine Disaster Hits 2-Year Mark, Fallout Still Causes Divisions
By Dirk Meissner, The Canadian Press - Aug 04, 2016
”We don't want the mine to go away. We just want things done right,' local official says”
"All this year, we've had a green hue colour in the lake," she said. "A colour that's never been there before.” – Lisa Krause, Likely, BC Chamber of Commerce vice president
“Lisa Kraus says it's been a difficult two years in the tiny central British Columbia community of Likely, where the collapse of a massive tailings dam at the Mount Polley mine opened wounds that have yet to heal.
“Twenty-four million cubic metres of mine waste and water gushed into nearby lakes and rivers on Aug. 4, 2014.
“An independent, government-ordered panel of experts concluded the cause was an inadequately designed dam at the Imperial Metals open pit copper and gold mine that didn't account for drainage and erosion failures beneath the pond.
“One of the panel's geotechnical engineers described the location and design of the pond as loading a gun and pulling the trigger.
"’We were woken up in the middle of the night,’ said Kraus, who lives on riverfront property just downstream from the mine site.
"’We had people camped down in our lower lot and we were told to wake them up ... because we were uncertain how much or what was going to come down from the lake into the river.’
'We want it back the way it used to be'
“There were no casualties, but the collapse dumped millions of cubic metres of mine waste into Quesnel Lake and clogged salmon-bearing streams and rivers with waste and trees.
“Kraus, who serves as Likely's Chamber of Commerce vice president and community coordinator, said despite government reports that water quality in Quesnel Lake meets provincial drinking quality guidelines, many residents are still concerned.
"’All this year, we've had a green hue colour in the lake,’ she said. ‘A colour that's never been there before. It's a concern. We want it back the way it used to be.’
“Kraus said some people now refuse to drink the water.
"’People here still fight with each other about it,’ she said.
"’They're frustrated because things aren't what they used to be. We don't want the mine to go away. We just want things done right.’
“Mines Minister Bill Bennett said the disaster prompted independent reviews and resulted in the province implementing world-leading regulatory standards for the mining industry.
“But Bennett conceded it will take time for British Columbians to become confident and comfortable with the protections aimed at preventing similar disasters.
"’It was a miracle nobody got hurt,’ he said. ‘There could have been people camped down at the mouth of Hazeltine Creek when that accident happened. There could have been workers on the dam. There wasn't. We just were really fortunate we've learned an important lesson without anybody being injured or worse.’
Changes Made, but What About Public Confidence?
“B.C. revised its mining code to include global-leading safety and design standards for mine tailings storage facilities, Bennett said.
“It also strengthened the government's regulatory oversight of the mining industry and increased compliance and enforcement tools.
“But the Sierra Club of B.C. and mining expert Dave Chambers said the province is not doing enough to hold mining companies to account and prevent future disasters.
“The Sierra Club released a report by Chambers that concludes the government could do more to ensure safety at tailings storage facilities.
"Unfortunately, we continue to see overly optimistic predictions about water quality impacts and tailings dam design and operation that push the limits of credibility, largely because of financial pressure on both mine operators and consultants," said the report.
“Sierra Club spokesman Bob Peart said British Columbians are not convinced the government is ensuring safety and protection of the environment are put ahead of mining company interests.
"’Safety, stability should be paramount — not profit for the company or revenue for the government,’ he said.
“Opposition New Democrat mines critic Doug Donaldson said much time has passed and yet nobody has been held accountable for the Mount Polley breach.
"’That does little to bolster public confidence in this not happening again,’ he said.”
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British Columbia won't Charge Imperial Metals for Mount Polley Dam Breach
By Emma Crawford Hampel - Business in Vancouver - Aug. 3, 2017
Aerial view of the mouth of Hazeltine Creek
“No charges will be laid under British Columbia’s environmental laws in relation to Imperial Metals Corporation’s (TSX:III) Mount Polley tailings dam breach of August 4, 2014.
“This Friday, August 4, marks the end of the three-year statute of limitations for charges relating to the disaster on a provincial level, and these charges are not possible without a completed provincial-federal investigation.
“Chris Doyle, the deputy chief of the British Columbia Conservation Officer Service, confirmed to Business in Vancouver that such an investigation has not been completed and will not be completed by Friday, but "the investigation continues," as Fisheries and Oceans Canada, the Conservation Officer Service and Environment and Climate Change Canada are working together to further examine facts surrounding the disaster.
“George Heyman, B.C.’s minister of environment and climate change strategy, reiterated in a statement a “complete investigation” remains an objective, and federal charges under the Fisheries Act remain on the cards.
“’All of the information gathered during the course of this investigation will be considered by the Public Prosecution Service of Canada should charges be recommended,’ he said.
“Potential charges under the federal fisheries act remain very much in play and, in fact, potential penalties are more significant.”
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Mount Polley Mining Company Shares Remediation Plans
Remediation work and planning continues in response to the 2014 tailings impoundment breach
By Monica Lamb-Yorski- Williams Tribune, Nov 17- 2017
“In the last three weeks we’ve seen more of that green slime and greenish water coming down the lake, which would be indicative of a recent release of suspended solids…The turbidity is there and there is copper in the bottom of the lake that is coming up.” – Quesnel Lake resident Doug Watt
“Mount Polley Mine has removed 350,000 tonnes of tailings in a 13.9-hectare area and restored 1.25 kilometers of fish habitat as part of its ongoing remediation of areas impacted by the 2014 tailings impoundment breach, environmental supervisor Colleen Hughes said.
“Hughes was speaking at a community meeting hosted by the mine at the legion in Williams Lake Thursday that attracted 16 people.
“’We have also installed 6.4 kilometres of the pipeline [to Quesnel Lake] and Hazeltine Creek is no longer reporting to the diffusers in Quesnel Lake,’ Hughes said.
“Lee Nikl, senior environmental scientist with Golder Associates, outlined remediation monitoring that has been completed so far and considerations Imperial Metals is taking as the work continues.
“A human health risk assessment completed and submitted by Golder has been accepted by the Ministry of Environment and an ecological risk assessment is being finalized, Nikl said.
“’We were asked immediately after the breach what is being done to stop ongoing releases from the breach area, how much was released and what are the effects of the release on health and on the environment and what is Mount Polley doing to fix the environmental effects?’ Nikl added.
“As a result, the mine identified nine remediation areas that included
< >The plug at Polley Lake (copper, iron, manganese, arsenic, sulfur, vanadium, molybdenum),Polley Lake (copper, arsenic)The tailings lagoon (not tested),Upper Hazeltine Creek (copper, iron, manganese, arsenic, sulfur, vanadium, molybdenum)Hazeltine Canyon (copper, iron, manganese, arsenic, sulfur, vanadium, molybdenum),Lower Hazeltine Creek (copper, iron, manganese, arsenic, sulfur, vanadium, molybdenum),Edney Creek Mouth,Quesnel Lake (copper, arsenic),Quesnel River
View of the mouth of Hazeltine Creek three years post-disaster (2017)
Staged Layoffs at Mount Polley in 2018 will Impact 78 jobs
Mount Polley Mine is Beginning Staged Lay-Offs to Pay for Projects it Must Complete Because of the 2014 Breach
By Monica Lamb-Yorski - Jan. 3, 2018
“Imperial Metals is beginning staged layoffs at its Mount Polley Mine near Williams Lake that will impact about 78 full-time positions by the end of 2018.
“The move comes in order to pay for projects the company has to complete because of the 2014 tailings breach, Mount Polley Mining Corporation general manager Dale Reimer told the Tribune Wednesday.
“’We are trying to get cash positive for 2018 because we have some big projects we have to do to keep the mine going,’ Reimer said.
“’Those projects include removing the tailings that were put into the Springer Pit after the mine breach and more restoration work to Hazeltine Creek because of the damage caused by the breach.’
“’We also have more work to do to lift our tailings dam a bit,’ Reimer said. ‘We have to be cash positive to do those projects for the long-term mine liability.’
“’Approximately 16 people will be laid off in the first quarter,’ Reimer confirmed.
“In the second quarter the company will lay off another 26 people, in the third quarter an additional 16 and in the fourth quarter approximately 10 more, he confirmed.
“’It is also expected that an additional 39 people who were working under a temporary contract that expires in January 2018 will no longer be working at the mine after next week’, Reimer said.
“’For the most the part, the restoration work is done by the company, except for dredging of the Springer Pit which has be to be done by experts’,Reimer explained.
“’We don’t have the equipment or the knowledge. It’s very specific work.”
“’In the last six months of 2018, the mine will be using its stock piles and won’t be doing any additional mining’, Reimer noted.
“Presently there are 337 people working at the mine.
“’If the mine can get all the work done that is required it is hoped the number of employees will be back up to that level in the future’, Reimer said.
“United Steelworkers Union Local 2017 past president Paul French declined comment on the layoffs because the union is in contract talks with the company.”
Money Losing Imperial Metals Suspending Operations at British Columbia’sMount Polley Due to Low Copper Prices
By June Leffler-Jan 17, 2019
Vancouver, B.C.-based Imperial Metals, which became the poster child for the risks of trans-boundary mining is suspending operations. The company’s Mount Polley mine’s tailings dam failed in 2014, discharging waste into nearby waterways.
“Imperial Metals released a statement last week blaming low copper prices for the mine losing money.
“U.S. copper prices are hovering at $2.70 a pound. Imperial Metals says it’s costing $3 a pound to extract the metal at Mount Polley.
“Jamie Koutsoukis, an analyst at Moody’s Investors Service, says relatively low ore grade at Mount Polley could be a factor. Imperial Metals shut down its Huckleberry Mine in 2016 citing falling copper prices.
“Regulators in British Columbia declined to file charges against the company, leading critics to decry the lack of accountability over the disaster.
“Still, mine critics say the shutdown isn’t a victory.
“Salmon Beyond Borders director Jill Weitz noted that Canadian mines aren’t required to post reclamation bonds in case the company goes belly up. That means bankruptcy can lead to legacy mines that remain hazardous for decades.
“Mining companies have the ability to operate, and if they are filing bankruptcy or nearing bankruptcy, they have the ability to walk away from the project,” Weitz says.
“That’s the case of the Tulsequah Chief mine, which was abandoned in the 1950s. It continues draining acidic water into the Tulsequah River, which is a tributary of the Taku River, which empties into an ocean near Juneau.
“Following pressure from the administration of Gov. Bill Walker, B.C.’s government did announced last year it would begin efforts to clean up that mine.’
“’It puts the liability on the people and not the industry as a whole,’ Weitz says. ‘We don’t see justice there, we don’t think it’s fair. Especially for those communities downstream from these B.C. operations.’
“Imperial Metals said in its statement the company would continue reclamation and monitoring at Mount Polley despite the shutdown, which the company says could be temporary.”
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Addendum: as of December 2018, Imperial Metals stock price had dropped from $14.20 per share (as of July 2014, one month before the disaster) down to a historic low of $0.78 per share (US) on the 4th anniversary of the breach. The 2018 Annual Report for Imperial Metals revealed a net loss of $125,595,000 ($1.06 loss per share).
Dr Kohls is a retired family physician from Duluth, MN, USA. Since his retirement from his holistic mental health practice he has been writing his weekly Duty to Warn column for the Duluth Reader, northeast Minnesota’s alternative newsweekly magazine. His columns, which are re-published around the world, deal with the dangers of American fascism, corporatism, militarization, racism, xenophobia, malnutrition, sea level rise, global warming, geo-engineering, solar radiation management, Big Copper Mining’s conscienceless exploitation of northeast Minnesota’s water-rich environment, Big Medicine’s over-screening, over-diagnosing, over-treating, Big Pharma’s over-drugging and Big Vaccine’s over-vaccination agendas (particularly of tiny infants), as well as other movements that threaten human health, the environment, democracy, civility and the sustainability of life on earth. Many of his columns have been archived at a number of websites, including these four: http://duluthreader.com/search?search_term=Duty+to+Warn&p=2; http://www.globalresearch.ca/author/gary-g-kohls; http://freepress.org/geographic-scope/national; and https://www.transcend.org/tms/search/?q=gary+kohls+articles